Think Spring
2022-02-05 - 2022-02-06
Join the Calgary Horticultural Society for our Think Spring event!
Get ready for spring and learn tips and tricks to implement in your garden. Our speakers will provide timely tips and offer answers to all your gardening questions. We think spring, we think gardening all seasons. Our expert panel of speakers will be able to provide you the guidance you need. Learn and experience from the comfort of your home or office.
This event is presented by our friends at greengate Garden Centres.
The event will include:

Keynote Speakers
Plant, Soil and Water Experts
Marketplace
50/50 Raffle
Prizes
and much more…

Tickets are $20 for members and $30 for non-members and can be purchased here or from the Ticket tab.

MGAA Board Meeting
2022-02-09 19:00 - 21:00, 2022-03-10 19:00 - 21:00, 2022-04-13 19:00 - 21:00, 2022-05-12 19:00 - 21:00, 2022-06-08 19:00 - 21:00, 2022-07-14 19:00 - 21:00, 2022-08-10 19:00 - 21:00 (America/Edmonton) | via ZOOM

Row Gardening & Containers, Using Yard Space
2022-02-10 19:00 - 20:30 (America/Edmonton)
Alix Wagon Wheel Museum is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting with Master Gardener Janet Kan on Row Gardening & Containers, Using Yard Space.
“Between the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, I re-experienced traditional row gardening and broadened my experience with containers. My resulting observations have led me to re-evaluating how I use my yard space and how I go about gardening as the climate changes and as I age. I still want those fresh veggies and flowers. I want it all. Please join me as I review my observations, experiences and lessons learned.”
Janet Kan:
Time: Feb 10, 2022 07:00 PM Edmonton
Join Zoom Meeting
https://us02web.zoom.us/j/87170600672?pwd=[REDACTED] ID: 871 7060 0672
Passcode: [REDACTED]

MGAA: The Science of Soil
2022-02-28 18:30 - 20:30 (America/Edmonton)
Exploring the ‘heavy’ side of soil with Mike Dorion
Lets dive into the nitty gritty of the soil and what is actually happening down there. We will get up close and personal with the microbes in our soils and leave with an understanding of their roles. If we can understand how to support them then they can do their jobs and support our plants.
Hi I am Mike D, aka the Compost Kid.
Starting with a Gardening class put on by the Calgary Horticulture Society, I became immersed. It continued with my Permaculture Design Certificate, Compost Facility Operators Certificate, and mentoring in Soil and Soil Microbiology. I am currently working on my Soil Food Web Advisor role with the Life in the Soil program put on by Elaine Ingham, and am one of the founders of Highfield Farm an Urban Ag Pilot program with the City of Calgary and Compost Council of Canada.

TICKETS

Perennials of the Year - Have They Stood the Test of Time
2022-02-28 19:00 (America/Winnipeg)
Tickets
Note: this Event will be Central Standard Time

MGAA: Sexual Pollination with Janet Melrose
2022-03-02 18:30 - 20:30 (America/Edmonton) | via ZOOM
Seeds are Sexy!

Seeds are really just sexual propagation, but they are ‘sexy’, as in ‘the rage’, these days. Forget buying seedlings from the stores….we can grow our own.
This talk will focus on: the botany of seeds; techniques for breaking dormancy; sowing and growing to seedling stage indoors and outside; savings seeds and storage. We will be discussing both annual and perennial seeds; heirloom, open pollinated, hybrid, GM and GE seeds; and the need to rebuild the diversity of species at the local and international level.

Janet Melrose is ‘Calgary’s Cottage Gardener’- Garden consultant, coach, educator and Horticultural Therapist. Her motto is ‘Grow, Nurture, and Bloom’.
She shares her passion for gardening and knowledge through workshops and writing for ‘The Gardener for Cold Climates’ and ‘Calgary Gardening’ magazines, and now co-author with Sheryl Normandeau for the Guides for Prairie Gardeners series of books.

Tickets

Growing Native Plants
2022-03-12 08:30 - 16:30 (America/Edmonton) | via ZOOM
Registration

Tending Gardens, Nurturing Hope
2022-03-12 09:00 - 12:00 (America/Vancouver)
Register for this Event
“Tending Gardens, Nurturing Hope”
Saturday, March 12, 2022
9 am to noon PST
Join us for the 12th annual Cabin Fever Gardening Symposium, titled this year “Tending Gardens, Nurturing Hope” a fun, inspiring, and informational virtual event beginning Saturday, March 12. This year’s focus will be on sustainable gardening – developing the skills you need so that your garden works with nature, not against nature. Saturday morning at nine o’clock we begin the symposium by live streaming two notable Principal Speakers both known throughout the nation for their work in ecological sustainability. Presentations conclude at noon.

MGAA: Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies
2022-03-17 18:30 - 20:30 (America/Edmonton) | via ZOOM
Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies with Scott Meer,
Insect pests can cause havoc on farmers crops and urban gardens. In the past the common approach has been to reach for insecticides but increasingly both farmers and urban gardeners have been partnering with mother nature to help with control. Natural enemies of insects can be our friends but how effective are they and how do we work with them? Lets take a tour of the world of natural enemies and discover the possibilities.
This session will be recorded and available to ticket holders for 1 week following the presenation.
Scott received his BSc in Agriculture from the University of Alberta in 1982 and MSc in Entomology (Biological Control of Wheat Stem Sawfly) from Montana State University in 2002. Scott has served the agriculture industry as a District Agriculturist, Regional Conservation Coordinator, Crop Specialist and Provincial Entomologist. After 35 years of public service, Scott retired and started a private consulting practice (Mayland Ag Consulting) and now works one on one with horticultural and broad acre producers, providing planning, scouting and problem-solving advice. In his spare time, Scott is an avid gardener, cross country skier and sailor.
Tickets

Calgary Seedy Saturday
2022-03-19 10:00 - 15:00 (America/Edmonton) | Winston-Heights Mountview Community Association, 520 27 Avenue NE, Calgary, Alberta, T2E 2A6, Canada
Seedy Saturday is back in person for 2022! Saturday, March 19 from 10am to 3pm at Winston-Heights Mountview Community Association (520 27 Ave NE). This is a free, drop-in event.

Please note that while masking is no longer required, it is strongly encouraged for the safety of all participants.
Calgary Seedy Saturday is keeping the skill of growing from seed to seed alive in Calgary. As large commercial seed companies consolidate and only offer more hybrids and patented varieties, we are increasingly losing the regionally adapted collections that have developed in our unique prairie climate.

Calgary Seedy Saturday is part of the worldwide Seedy Saturday/Sunday events that celebrate open-pollinated seeds.

Contact Information
You can reach us at calgaryseedysaturday@gmail.com, or visit our facebook page.

Edmonton Seedy Sunday
2022-03-20 13:00 - 16:00 (America/Edmonton) | via ZOOM
EDMONTON SEEDY SUNDAY
​
March 20, 2022
1 pm – 4 pm
Online this year, in partnership with Edmonton Public Library
Register here
Schedule
​
Vendors
The speakers and film are FREE.
Please consider donating to
​Seeds of Diversity who are offering the film without charge to all
Seedy Saturday/Sunday events.
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Spring Affair 2022
2022-03-27 09:00 - 15:30 (America/Vancouver)
Register for this Event

MGAA: Spring Symposium, Grounded in Science.
2022-04-02 09:00 - 14:30 (America/Edmonton)
MGAA Grounded in Science Spring Symposium with; Dr. Linda Chalker-Scott, Marianne Wilburn, and Gary Lewis.

It’s never too early to start planning the summer garden. Our trio of fabulous speakers will help us create our best gardens yet.
Gary Lewis is the creative genius behind Phoenix Perennials. Gary is a knowledgeable and entertaining speaker and will surely delight with his recommendations for Avoiding the Summer Doldrums.
Marianne Wilburn, the Small Town Gardener, is an internationally renowned speaker, columnist and author. Her topic of How to Grow Tropical Plants in Cold Climates will be sure to inspire some tropicalismo in the garden.
It’s time to get down and dirty once again with Dr Linda Chalker- Scott who returns to our symposium stage to enlighten us on the mysteries of Soil Testing.
These session will be recorded and avaiable to ticket holders for 1 week following the presentation.

Tickets

'NATIVE GARDENS FOR NATURE'S SAKE' - MGOI North Region MG Technical Day
2022-04-09 08:30 - 15:00 (America/Toronto)
TICKETS
Doug Tallamy, Heather Holm & Joseph Pitawanakwat present topics on Protection and Conservation of Native Plants for our Ecosystem.

Virtual Doors open at 8:30am
Doug Tallamy 9:00am – 10:30am
“Nature’s Best Hope”
Heather Holm 11:00am – 12:30pm
“Creating and Managing Landscapes for Native Bees”
Joseph Pitawanakwat 1:00pm – 2:30pm
“Understanding Awaadiziwin (knowledge/culture) and its role in achieving Bimaadiziwin (life)”
Tech Day closes at 3:00pm
Doug Tallamy
“Nature’s Best Hope”
Recent headlines about global insect declines and three billion fewer breeding birds in North America are a bleak reality check about how ineffective our current landscape designs have been at sustaining the plants and animals that sustain us. To create landscapes that enhance local ecosystems rather than degrade them, we must add the plant communities that sustain food webs, sequester carbon, maintain diverse native bee communities, and manage our watersheds. Native plants do all of these things better than plants from other continents. If we do this on our private properties, we can create Homegrown National Park, a network of viable habitats that will provide vital corridors connecting the natural areas that remain. This approach to conservation empowers everyone to play a significant role in the future of the natural world and thus our own future.
Doug’s Bio
Doug Tallamy is the T. A. Baker Professor of Agriculture in the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Delaware, where he has authored 106 research publications and has taught insect related courses for 41 years. Chief among his research goals is to better understand the many ways insects interact with plants and how such interactions determine the diversity of animal communities. His book Bringing Nature Home was published by Timber Press in 2007, The Living Landscape, co-authored with Rick Darke, was published in 2014; Nature’s Best Hope, a New York Times Best Seller, was released in February 2020, and his latest book The Nature of Oaks was released by Timber press in March 2021. His awards include recognition from The Garden Writer’s Association, Audubon, The Garden Club of America and The American Horticultural Association.
Heather Holm
“Creating and Managing Landscapes for Native Bees”
When creating and managing thriving habitats for native bees, many factors such as seasonal phenology, nesting strategies, and flower preferences must be considered-and with approximately 3,600 species in North America (north of Mexico), there are many unique aspects to keep in mind when managing successful landscapes for bees in our Northern ecosystem.
Join pollinator conservationist and author Heather Holm as she explores the nesting habitats, life cycles, pollen collection, brood rearing, and general characteristics of some of the most common native bees in eastern North America, while highlighting the pollination of native plants and the mutualism between native plants and native bees. Learn about pollen specialists, the presentation of floral resources, and how the physical characteristics of bees can influence their effectiveness as pollinators. Heather will also discuss ways to manage landscapes to enhance bee diversity, plant selection considerations, and ultimately how to think like a bee!
Heather’s Bio
Heather Holm is a biologist, pollinator conservationist, and award-winning author. In addition to assisting with native bee research projects, she informs and educates audiences nationwide, through her writing and many presentations, about the fascinating world of native pollinators and beneficial insects, and the native plant communities that support them. Her first book, Pollinators of Native Plants, was published in 2014, and her second book, Bees, published in 2017, has won six book awards including the 2018 American Horticultural Society Book Award. Her latest book, Wasps, was published in February 2021. Heather’s expertise includes the interactions between native pollinators and native plants, and the natural history and biology of native bees and predatory wasps occurring in the Upper Midwest and Northeast. Currently, she is working on three projects with volunteers, restoring approximately ten acres of city-owned park land in her neighborhood for pollinators and people.

Joe Pitawanakwat
“Understanding Awaadiziwin (knowledge/culture) and its role in achieving Bimaadiziwin (life)”
Story-telling plant medicine knowledge and its role in the management of the Chronic Disease Epidemic and associated morbidities. We discuss disease pathology and why culture is the only appropriate intervention. We will acknowledge various cultural components as unique humans gifts necessary for life and healing.
We will focus, of course, on the (provided) plant medicines and understanding its mechanism. With us all at a solid understanding of this knowledge (awaadiziwin) and how it is required to achieve life itself (bimaadiziwin) the conversation then, necessarily focuses on the unique human ability to engage in reciprocal relationships with medicines themselves, and our roles and responsibilities to Aki, the land.
Joe’s Bio
Joseph Pitawanakwat is an educator who specializes in plant based medicine. He is the founder and director of Creators Garden. He is from Wiikwemkoong unceded territory. Joseph will share traditional Anishinaabe plant knowledge, that his grandmother taught him. He has continued to increase his knowledge in an attempt to preserve the language specific to plant names and how they were used for generations. We need to learn the names of native plants, why they have that name, what gifts they have, how we can help them and why we need to spend time with native plants.

Spring Market at Multicultural Heritage Centre
2022-04-16 11:00 - 16:00 (America/Edmonton)
The Multicultural Heritage Centre is hosting a Spring Market on April 16th, 2022 from 11 Am – 4 PM in their PERC building at 5413 51 Street, Stony Plain.

Vendors will be a collective of local artisans, small businesses, non-profits and guest speakers.

There will be a canteen on site with Three Moons Charcuterie , a kids corner with Easter crafts, door prizes and more.

Join us for a fun afternoon of supporting local and welcoming the spring season!

Interested in being a vendor? Tables are $15 each. Contact stage@multicentre.org for more details.

that Bloomin’ garden show & art sale
2022-05-14 10:00 - 16:00 (America/Edmonton)
The event will be held on Saturday, May 14 from 10am to 4pm utilizing both indoor and outdoor spaces. If it is too cold, windy or rainy, we will accommodate as many outdoor vendors as space permits indoors.

We don’t anticipate there being any covid restrictions other than perhaps an ongoing City of Edmonton mask bylaw.

The fee for non-profit organizations will be $25 and includes:
indoors – one 8 foot table. You can also bring stands or a small table.
outdoors – one 8 foot table and 10 x 10 tent. You can bring additional tables.

Please reply to let us know if you are interested in attending and whether you prefer indoors or outdoors. We will send more details and payment instructions towards the end of March. Thank you!
More info
We’re excited to bring Bloomin back!

Alberta Avenue Community League
www.albertaave.org
P: 780-477-2773

Gardening in Climate Change
2022-05-25 18:30 - 20:30 (America/Edmonton) | via ZOOM
What every gardener needs to plan for, David Phillips CEEE, will speak on our changing climate.
Join us to hear Environment Canada’s Senior Climatologist David Phillips speak on what the future holds for weather in Alberta. David has been studying weather events all over Canada for more than 50 years and is well-known for his entertaining presentations on Canadian weather events. Alberta’s climate is changing so one of David’s goals is to raise awareness among Canadians as to how our climate is evolving.
Tickets
Free for MGAA members.

Climate Change on the Prairies
2022-05-31 19:00 - 21:00 (America/Winnipeg)
Climate Change on the Prairies
Help your garden Thrive
A longer growing season lets us try new varieties, but heat waves, drought, and extreme precipitation
are the downsides. Learn what’s ahead for our region and how to make sure your garden stays beautiful and productive.
ONLINE PRESENTATION WITH DANNY BLAIR AND STEPHEN MUIRHEAD

Muttart Conservatory in Edmonton -Private Guided Tour MGAA MEMERS ONLY.
2022-06-09 12:00 - 13:30 (America/Edmonton) | Muttart Conservatory, 9626 96A Street Northwest, Edmonton, AB, T6C 4L8, Canada
The Muttart Conservatory, one of Canada’s largest indoor botanical collections, is nestled in the river valley. Lets all get together folks!

Join us FOR A PRIVATE GUIDED TOUR The Muttart Conservatory is a botanical garden located in the North Saskatchewan river valley, across from the downtown core in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. One of the best-known landmarks of Edmonton, the conservatory consists of three city-operated greenhouses, public gardens, as well as four feature pyramids for display of plant species found across three biomes, with the fourth pyramid hosting a seasonal display. A fifth minor skylight pyramid lights up the central foyer.
This event and private guided tour is free for MGAA members only – I look forward to seeing our members in person .
See ya soon folks,
Susan – Director MGAA events north. Please email me if you have any questions
events-north@mgaab.org
Tickets

Staniland and Horachk Gardens Tour
2022-06-11 10:00 - 12:30 (America/Edmonton)
Rob Staniland and Yaro Horachk have once again agreed to open their incredible gardens to us, currently at their peak of bloom. These talented plantsmen have constructed two incredible rock gardens filled with an array of diminutive and beautiful alpine treasures. Both are passionate about alpine plants but their approach to design and favourites is very different.
Yaro’s garden runs along the side of his driveway arranged in a series of intricate rockworks made into grottos and crevices stuffed full of interesting saxifrages, dwarf hostas, orchids, and so many other tiny alpines. The gardens are elevated above the driveway so plants are easily appreciated.
Rob’s garden is incorporated into native short grass prairie. The garden runs along an incredible pond and stream system with many built bog and wetland areas, tufa beds, dryland areas, native plants and dwarf conifers. It’s a stunning feat of engineering and highlighted by gorgeous plantings.
Both of these gardens are incredibly unique and very different from the typical Calgary style garden. Not to be missed!
Directions
Yaro Horachk’s Garden: 92 Bearspaw Acres
Follow Crowchild Trail West to Bearspaw Road, turn R and follow to Bearspaw Acres. House is on the corner on northeast side. Park on the road.
Rob Staniland’s Garden: 30315 Woodland Heights: 30315 Woodland Heights
Follow Crowchild Trail West to Bearspaw Road, turn R and follow to Burma Road, turn L to and go to stop sign, turn R onto Woodland Road, follow to T intersection and turn R. On right hand side. Park on the road.
Both gardens are 5 minutes from each other so easy to take in both in one trip.
Register
Please contact Elaine at learning@mgaab.org to register. Tour will commence rain or shine.

Hallowes' Garden - Nanton
2022-06-12 13:00 - 16:00 (America/Edmonton)
MGs, you won’t want to miss this impressive garden!
We had the opportunity to visit Donna Hallowes’ garden last year during the summer and were blown away. However, Donna says it’s even better in the Spring and has graciously agreed to open her garden to the MGs.
This is a very large garden filled with a variety of interesting plants and areas including a large rock garden, dwarf conifers and many, many other perennials, shrubs and trees. We can expect to see in bloom, amongst others, fernleaf peonies, bleeding hearts and possibly some lilies.
This is a truly unique garden with Donna’s husband a master craftsman who has built many ornamental structures and implemented a number of innovative strategies such as the incredible water capture system and seed growing drawers.
Details and Pre-Register:
1605 26 Avenue, Nanton
This event is for MGAA Members ONLY. There is no cost for this tour.
Please pre-register by contacting Elaine at learning@mgaab.org.

International Master Gardener Conference
2022-06-18 - 2022-06-23
On behalf of the Johnson County K-State Extension Master Gardeners, your host for the 2023 International Master Gardener Conference in Overland Park, Kansas June 18-22, 2023 we are excited to open the call for proposals for breakout session and workshop speakers.
We are looking for a diverse lineup of topics and speakers. Please consider presenting at the conference and sharing this link with your colleagues. Proposals will be accepted through February 25, 2022. We are using Qualtrics for the submissions. https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_3UT5316TivCYq4m
Complete information is included in the link. More information about the conference can be found at imgc2023.com If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Sincerely
Dennis Patton, Chair IMGC

Dennis Patton
Johnson County K-State Research and Extension
Horticulture Agent
11811 S. Sunset Dr., Suite 1500 Olathe, KS 66061
Office 913-715-7000
Gardening Hotline 913-715-7050 or garden.help@jocogov.org
Life is too short for ugly plants!
johnson.k-state.edu | F/JohnsonCountyKStateResearchAndExtension
Plan to attend the International Master Gardener Conference, Overland Park, Kansas June 18-22, 2023 www.imgc2023.com

Reader Rock Garden Behind the Scenes Tour
2022-06-22 13:00 - 14:00 (America/Edmonton) | Reader Rock Garden, 325 25 Avenue SE, Calgary, Canada
Join fellow MGs on a rare, behind the scenes tour of this historical, internationally acclaimed garden!
The Reader Rock Garden is an absolute gem in the middle of Calgary. It is especially beautiful in Spring with its many huge trees, including Calgary’s largest Japanese tree lilac (hopefully blooming for us), its beautiful and serene rock garden planted along a cascading stream and gorgeous collections of hardy orchids, Siberian iris and many other unusual Spring blooming perennials collected by Mr. Reader.
We have been given a rare opportunity for a behind the scenes tour with the garden’s horticulturalist, Daniel Walker. Come and learn about the history and the ongoing reclamation efforts behind the garden, future plans, a peek into the world of seed starting and see the garden in its beautiful Spring glory. This is a must see garden in Spring, so come and join fellow MGs on this tour.
Details and Pre-Register:
This private guided tour is for MGAA Members ONLY. There is no cost for this tour.
There is a limit of 12 participants.
Free public parking is available on the west side of the garden, access is from 25 Avenue SE. Prefer public transit? The garden is a short walk from the Erlton Stampede LRT station. We will meet outside the restaurant, Reader’s Garden Café.
Please pre-register by contacting Elaine at learning@mgaab.org.

Alberta Horticultural Association 2022 Conference
2022-06-25 11:15 - 15:30 (America/Edmonton) | Lacombe Memorial Centre, 5214- 50 Avenue, Lacombe, AB, T4L 0B6, Canada
AHA annual meeting + 3 guest presentations. Connect with fellow gardeners. New ideas for your Horticultural Society & your yard.
Welcome to the 2022 Alberta Horticultural Association’s Conference and Annual Meeting. We are delighted to be meeting in person.
The day’s schedule includes:
• 9:00-11:00 AM. Judging Recertification- for horticultural judges
• 10:45-11:15 AM. Pre-registration meet & greet
• 11:15 AM-12:00 PM. Annual meeting- AHA members and non-members are welcome to attend
• 12:00-1:00 PM. Catered lunch
• 1:00-3:30 PM. Three horticultural presentations & silent auction.
The Annual Meeting includes reports from our District Representatives sharing news about clubs and societies across the province. This is an excellent opportunity to hear some fresh ideas for your club.
Guest Presentations:
Designing Flower Bed Displays with Annuals. As a Senior Horticulturalist with the University of Alberta Botanic Garden, Emily Neis is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Aga Khan Garden and the Patrick Seymour Alpine Garden. She grows the plants for the UABG’s annuals displays. Throughout her horticultural career Emily has designed floral displays and she has been a Communities in Bloom judge for six years.
Emily will give us a step-by-step guide to creating floral displays for home gardens and community projects. Starting with design ideas and eye-catching colour combinations, we’ll learn her tips for outstanding plants to use, best planting practices, and summer care for all season colour. Emily’s favourite part of the year is planting the annuals and seeing the displays develop over the season.
Simple Solutions with Garden Netting. Sandra Rosler manages the family business, GRDNetting Solutions, located in Airdrie.
Urban or rural, large or small, and whatever crops you grow- all of our gardens are vulnerable to various types of damage. Have you ever watched in disbelief while hail destroys your vegetables? High winds, blazing sun, hungry birds, foraging deer, and voracious insects can all take a toll on your garden.
Sandra will show us innovative ways to use garden netting to shield, shade, and protect our gardens from each of these hazards.
Ecovision Club- Canada’s Greenest School. We’ll take a 10-minute virtual tour of Lacombe Composite High School’s innovative environment and agricultural programs. Since 2007 teacher Steven Schultz has guided students on a journey into gardening, greenhouse growing, beekeeping, setting up micro-businesses, solar energy, designing a green roof, and tending goats. All the projects are entirely led, developed, researched, and built by students.
The AHA’s silent auction is a perennial favourite, take home a gift for yourself or for your garden. (There might even be some perennials!) This fundraiser supports the AHA’s Educational Program.
Finish off the day with a drive by the Ecovision Club Garden.
Tickets are priced to encourage participation:
• Judge Recertification Workshop: $10.00 (for certified horticultural judges only)
• Full Registration: $40.00 (includes meet & greet coffee, AGM, catered lunch, and guest presentations,)
• Or Presentations only: $20.00 (1:00-3:30 PM)
Registration deadline Friday, June 17
Payments can be made online via Eventbrite or by cheque:
• cheques payable to Alberta Horticultural Association
• mail to: Judy Bortnik, AHA Treasurer Unit 374, 223 Tuscany Springs Blvd NW Calgary, AB T3L 2M2
Questions? email ab.hort.association@gmail.com
Learn more about the Alberta Horticultural Association at ABHortA.ca
TICKETS
